소형모듈원자로(SMR)에 대한 핵비확산 및 핵안보 규제 현안 및 추진방안

The prolonged and sweltering heatwave this summer has once again highlighted the severity of climate change. Amid the escalating climate crisis and threats to energy security, the importance of nuclear energy as a sustainable energy source has become increasingly prominent. In particular, interest in Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) is rapidly growing alongside traditional large-scale nuclear power plants. SMRs are attracting attention not only in countries with existing nuclear power infrastructure but also in emerging nations due to their advantages, including lower construction costs, flexible site requirements, adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, and potential for decentralized energy supply. As a result, many countries around the world are accelerating the development of SMRs to achieve carbon neutrality and secure a stable energy supply. Leading nuclear organizations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as well as advanced nuclear nations, have emphasized that ensuring nuclear safety, non-proliferation, and nuclear security is critical in the innovative development of SMRs. They have called for proactive regulatory measures from the early design phase to address these considerations. This study examines the regulatory challenges associated with the design characteristics of SMRs and discusses regulatory frameworks and measures aimed at strengthening non-proliferation and nuclear security. Additionally, it proposes specific actions to resolve these regulatory challenges. Finally, this paper underscores the necessity of an integrated regulatory approach—encompassing safety, non-proliferation, and nuclear security—to ensure the successful development and optimal safety of SMRs.